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และสนิม:",[1851,1853],{"type":267,"attrs":1852},{"color":14},{"type":782},{"text":1399,"type":264,"marks":1855},[1856],{"type":267,"attrs":1857},{"color":14},{"type":1771,"marks":1859},[1860],{"type":267,"attrs":1861},{"color":14},{"text":1863,"type":264,"marks":1864},"เพื่อป้องกันการอุดตันหรือการกัดกร่อนในระยะยาว ",[1865],{"type":267,"attrs":1866},{"color":14},{"type":253,"attrs":1868,"content":1869},{"textAlign":1407},[1870,1876],{"text":1871,"type":264,"marks":1872},"2. การบำรุงรักษาและซ่อมแซมระบบท่อ (Maintenance and Repair)",[1873,1875],{"type":267,"attrs":1874},{"color":14},{"type":782},{"text":1399,"type":264,"marks":1877},[1878],{"type":267,"attrs":1879},{"color":14},{"type":253,"attrs":1881,"content":1882},{"textAlign":1407},[1883],{"text":1884,"type":264,"marks":1885},"Pigging เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของแผนการบำรุงรักษาท่ออย่างต่อเนื่อง เพื่อยืดอายุการใช้งานของระบบ โดยประกอบด้วย: ",[1886],{"type":267,"attrs":1887},{"color":14},{"type":1751,"content":1889},[1890,1914,1938],{"type":1754,"content":1891},[1892],{"type":253,"attrs":1893,"content":1894},{"textAlign":1758},[1895,1901,1905,1909],{"text":1896,"type":264,"marks":1897},"การทำให้แห้ง (Drying):",[1898,1900],{"type":267,"attrs":1899},{"color":14},{"type":782},{"text":1399,"type":264,"marks":1902},[1903],{"type":267,"attrs":1904},{"color":14},{"type":1771,"marks":1906},[1907],{"type":267,"attrs":1908},{"color":14},{"text":1910,"type":264,"marks":1911},"ขจัดความชื้นภายในท่อหลังการล้างหรือทดสอบ ",[1912],{"type":267,"attrs":1913},{"color":14},{"type":1754,"content":1915},[1916],{"type":253,"attrs":1917,"content":1918},{"textAlign":1758},[1919,1925,1929,1933],{"text":1920,"type":264,"marks":1921},"การระบายน้ำออกจากระบบ (Dewatering):",[1922,1924],{"type":267,"attrs":1923},{"color":14},{"type":782},{"text":1399,"type":264,"marks":1926},[1927],{"type":267,"attrs":1928},{"color":14},{"type":1771,"marks":1930},[1931],{"type":267,"attrs":1932},{"color":14},{"text":1934,"type":264,"marks":1935},"โดยเฉพาะในท่อส่งน้ำมันหรือก๊าซที่ไม่ควรมีน้ำตกค้าง ",[1936],{"type":267,"attrs":1937},{"color":14},{"type":1754,"content":1939},[1940],{"type":253,"attrs":1941,"content":1942},{"textAlign":1758},[1943,1949,1953,1957],{"text":1944,"type":264,"marks":1945},"การวัดขนาดภายในท่อ (Gauging):",[1946,1948],{"type":267,"attrs":1947},{"color":14},{"type":782},{"text":1399,"type":264,"marks":1950},[1951],{"type":267,"attrs":1952},{"color":14},{"type":1771,"marks":1954},[1955],{"type":267,"attrs":1956},{"color":14},{"text":1958,"type":264,"marks":1959},"ตรวจสอบข้อจำกัดหรือการตีบแคบของท่อ โดยใช้ PIG ที่ติดตั้งแผ่นโลหะอ่อนซึ่งจะโค้งงอเมื่อสัมผัสกับสิ่งกีดขวาง ",[1960],{"type":267,"attrs":1961},{"color":14},{"type":253,"attrs":1963,"content":1964},{"textAlign":1407},[1965,1971],{"text":1966,"type":264,"marks":1967},"3. การตรวจสอบและบริหารจัดการความสมบูรณ์ของท่อ (Pipeline Inspection & Integrity Management)",[1968,1970],{"type":267,"attrs":1969},{"color":14},{"type":782},{"text":1399,"type":264,"marks":1972},[1973],{"type":267,"attrs":1974},{"color":14},{"type":253,"attrs":1976,"content":1977},{"textAlign":1407},[1978],{"text":1979,"type":264,"marks":1980},"PIG ที่ติดตั้งเซ็นเซอร์ภายใน (On-board Sensors) ใช้ตรวจวัดและเก็บข้อมูลภายในระบบท่อ เพื่อประเมินความสมบูรณ์และความปลอดภัยของโครงสร้าง เช่น: ",[1981],{"type":267,"attrs":1982},{"color":14},{"type":1751,"content":1984},[1985,1995,2005,2015,2025,2035,2045],{"type":1754,"content":1986},[1987],{"type":253,"attrs":1988,"content":1989},{"textAlign":1407},[1990],{"text":1991,"type":264,"marks":1992},"ความเป็นรูปไข่ของท่อ (Ovality) ",[1993],{"type":267,"attrs":1994},{"color":14},{"type":1754,"content":1996},[1997],{"type":253,"attrs":1998,"content":1999},{"textAlign":1407},[2000],{"text":2001,"type":264,"marks":2002},"การผิดรูปทางเรขาคณิต (Geometric Deformations) ",[2003],{"type":267,"attrs":2004},{"color":14},{"type":1754,"content":2006},[2007],{"type":253,"attrs":2008,"content":2009},{"textAlign":1407},[2010],{"text":2011,"type":264,"marks":2012},"การแตกร้าว (Cracking) ",[2013],{"type":267,"attrs":2014},{"color":14},{"type":1754,"content":2016},[2017],{"type":253,"attrs":2018,"content":2019},{"textAlign":1407},[2020],{"text":2021,"type":264,"marks":2022},"การสูญเสียโลหะ (Metal Loss) ",[2023],{"type":267,"attrs":2024},{"color":14},{"type":1754,"content":2026},[2027],{"type":253,"attrs":2028,"content":2029},{"textAlign":1407},[2030],{"text":2031,"type":264,"marks":2032},"การกัดกร่อน (Corrosion) ",[2033],{"type":267,"attrs":2034},{"color":14},{"type":1754,"content":2036},[2037],{"type":253,"attrs":2038,"content":2039},{"textAlign":1407},[2040],{"text":2041,"type":264,"marks":2042},"การสึกกร่อน (Erosion) ",[2043],{"type":267,"attrs":2044},{"color":14},{"type":1754,"content":2046},[2047],{"type":253,"attrs":2048,"content":2049},{"textAlign":1407},[2050],{"text":2051,"type":264,"marks":2052},"การทำแผนที่ 3 มิติของตำแหน่งท่อ (Geographical 3D Mapping) ",[2053],{"type":267,"attrs":2054},{"color":14},{"type":253,"attrs":2056},{"textAlign":1407},{"type":253,"attrs":2058,"content":2059},{"textAlign":1407},[2060,2066],{"text":2061,"type":264,"marks":2062},"หลักการขับเคลื่อนเครื่องมือ PIG (PIG Propulsion)",[2063,2065],{"type":267,"attrs":2064},{"color":14},{"type":782},{"text":1399,"type":264,"marks":2067},[2068],{"type":267,"attrs":2069},{"color":14},{"type":1751,"content":2071},[2072],{"type":1754,"content":2073},[2074],{"type":253,"attrs":2075,"content":2076},{"textAlign":1407},[2077,2083,2088,2094],{"text":2078,"type":264,"marks":2079},"Differential Pressure (DP)",[2080,2082],{"type":267,"attrs":2081},{"color":14},{"type":782},{"text":2084,"type":264,"marks":2085}," หรือ ",[2086],{"type":267,"attrs":2087},{"color":14},{"text":2089,"type":264,"marks":2090},"ความแตกต่างของความดัน",[2091,2093],{"type":267,"attrs":2092},{"color":14},{"type":782},{"text":2095,"type":264,"marks":2096}," คือแรงผลักดันหลักที่ใช้ขับเคลื่อน PIG ให้เคลื่อนที่ผ่านท่อ โดยหมายถึงความแตกต่างของค่าความดันระหว่างสองจุดในระบบท่อ โดยในการดำเนินการ Pigging ความดันต่างจะใช้ในการประเมินค่าความดันด้านหน้ากับด้านหลังของเครื่องมือ PIG ",[2097],{"type":267,"attrs":2098},{"color":14},{"type":253,"attrs":2100,"content":2101},{"textAlign":1407},[2102,2107,2113],{"text":2103,"type":264,"marks":2104},"การคำนวณ Differential Pressure สำหรับ Pigging ทำโดยการนำค่าความดันเกจ (bar(g)) ที่ด้านหน้า PIG ",[2105],{"type":267,"attrs":2106},{"color":14},{"text":2108,"type":264,"marks":2109},"ลบออกจาก",[2110,2112],{"type":267,"attrs":2111},{"color":14},{"type":782},{"text":2114,"type":264,"marks":2115},"ค่าความดันเกจที่ด้านหลัง PIG ซึ่งจะได้ค่าความดันต่างเป็นบวก ทำหน้าที่เป็นแรงขับดันให้เครื่องมือ PIG เคลื่อนที่ไปข้างหน้าภายในท่อ หากค่าความดันต่างเท่ากับ 0 เครื่องมือ PIG จะอยู่กับที่และไม่เคลื่อนที่ ",[2116],{"type":267,"attrs":2117},{"color":14},{"type":253,"attrs":2119,"content":2120},{"textAlign":1407},[2121],{"text":2122,"type":264,"marks":2123},"ในระหว่างขั้นตอนการปล่อย (Launching) ระบบจะปรับสมดุลค่าความดันระหว่างถังขนาดเล็ก (Minor Barrel) และถังขนาดใหญ่ (Major Barrel) ภายใน Launcher ให้เท่ากันก่อน จากนั้นจะเพิ่มความดันที่ด้านหลังของ PIG เพื่อสร้างความดันต่าง ส่งผลให้เครื่องมือ PIG ถูกผลักออกจาก Launcher และเข้าสู่ระบบท่อ ",[2124],{"type":267,"attrs":2125},{"color":14},{"type":253,"attrs":2127,"content":2128},{"textAlign":1407},[2129,2134,2140],{"text":2130,"type":264,"marks":2131},"อย่างไรก็ตาม มีหลายปัจจัยที่ส่งผลต่อค่าความดันต่างที่จำเป็นในการขับเคลื่อน PIG เช่น แรงเสียดทานระหว่าง PIG กับผนังท่อ และลักษณะของของไหลภายในท่อ (เช่น ของเหลวหรือก๊าซ) โดยทั่วไป ความดันต่างที่ใช้ในการขับเคลื่อน PIG ภายในระบบท่อจะอยู่ในช่วงประมาณ ",[2132],{"type":267,"attrs":2133},{"color":14},{"text":2135,"type":264,"marks":2136},"0.5 ถึง 1.5 bar(g)",[2137,2139],{"type":267,"attrs":2138},{"color":14},{"type":782},{"text":1399,"type":264,"marks":2141},[2142],{"type":267,"attrs":2143},{"color":14},{"type":1751,"content":2145},[2146],{"type":1754,"content":2147},[2148],{"type":253,"attrs":2149,"content":2150},{"textAlign":1407},[2151],{"text":2152,"type":264,"marks":2153},"สมการสำหรับคำนวณค่าความดันต่าง (Differential Pressure หรือ dP) แสดงไว้ด้านล่างนี้ ",[2154],{"type":267,"attrs":2155},{"color":14},{"type":253,"attrs":2157},{"textAlign":1407},{"type":253,"attrs":2159,"content":2160},{"textAlign":1407},[2161,2167],{"text":2162,"type":264,"marks":2163},"การคำนวณความแตกต่างของความดัน",[2164,2166],{"type":267,"attrs":2165},{"color":14},{"type":782},{"text":1399,"type":264,"marks":2168},[2169],{"type":267,"attrs":2170},{"color":14},{"type":2172,"content":2173},"blockquote",[2174,2179],{"type":253,"attrs":2175,"content":2176},{"textAlign":20},[2177],{"text":2178,"type":264},"Pressure at the Rear of the PIG bar(g) – Back Pressure bar(g) = Differential Pressure (dP)",{"type":253,"attrs":2180,"content":2181},{"textAlign":20},[2182],{"text":2183,"type":264},"7 bar(g) – 5 bar(g) = 2 bar(g) dP",{"type":253,"attrs":2185,"content":2186},{"textAlign":20},[2187,2193],{"text":2188,"type":264,"marks":2189},"ความดันย้อนกลับ (Back Pressure: BP)",[2190,2192],{"type":267,"attrs":2191},{"color":14},{"type":782},{"text":1399,"type":264,"marks":2194},[2195],{"type":267,"attrs":2196},{"color":14},{"type":253,"attrs":2198,"content":2199},{"textAlign":1407},[2200],{"text":2201,"type":264,"marks":2202},"Back Pressure หรือแรงดันย้อนกลับ หมายถึงแรงต้านภายในท่อที่ทำงานในทิศทางตรงกันข้ามกับการไหลของของไหล ในระบบ Pigging ความดันย้อนกลับหมายถึงแรงดันหรือแรงที่อยู่ภายในท่อซึ่งต่อต้านการเคลื่อนที่ของ PIG ทั้งนี้มักเกิดความเข้าใจผิดระหว่าง Back Pressure กับแรงดันด้านหลัง PIG ที่ทำหน้าที่ผลักเครื่องมือให้เคลื่อนที่ไปข้างหน้า ซึ่งทั้งสองมีบทบาทที่แตกต่างกัน ",[2203],{"type":267,"attrs":2204},{"color":14},{"type":253,"attrs":2206,"content":2207},{"textAlign":1407},[2208,2214],{"text":2209,"type":264,"marks":2210},"ความเร่งของ PIG แบบเฉียบพลัน (PIG Speed Excursion)",[2211,2213],{"type":267,"attrs":2212},{"color":14},{"type":782},{"text":1399,"type":264,"marks":2215},[2216],{"type":267,"attrs":2217},{"color":14},{"type":253,"attrs":2219,"content":2220},{"textAlign":1407},[2221],{"text":2222,"type":264,"marks":2223},"Speed Excursion หมายถึงการเร่งความเร็วของ PIG อย่างกะทันหันที่เกิดจากความผันผวนของแรงดันภายในท่อ สาเหตุหลักคือการบีบอัดของก๊าซ (Gas Compressibility) ซึ่งเมื่อแรงดันสะสมสูงพอจะสามารถเอาชนะแรงเสียดทาน เครื่องมือ PIG จะเริ่มเคลื่อนที่และเร่งความเร็วทันที แต่เมื่อแรงดันลดลงเนื่องจากการคลายตัวของก๊าซ ความเร็วของเครื่องมือจะลดลงอย่างรวดเร็วเช่นกัน ",[2224],{"type":267,"attrs":2225},{"color":14},{"type":253,"attrs":2227,"content":2228},{"textAlign":1407},[2229,2235],{"text":2230,"type":264,"marks":2231},"ที่มาของคำว่า ‘Pipeline Pigging’ กระบวนการภายในระบบท่อส่ง",[2232,2234],{"type":267,"attrs":2233},{"color":14},{"type":782},{"text":1399,"type":264,"marks":2236},[2237],{"type":267,"attrs":2238},{"color":14},{"type":253,"attrs":2240,"content":2241},{"textAlign":1407},[2242],{"text":2243,"type":264,"marks":2244},"มีทฤษฎีหลากหลายที่พยายามอธิบายว่าเหตุใดกระบวนการนี้จึงถูกเรียกว่า “Pipeline Pigging” อย่างไรก็ตาม เนื่องจากยังไม่มีทฤษฎีใดได้รับการยืนยันอย่างเป็นทางการ คำศัพท์นี้จึงยังคงเป็นที่ถกเถียงในแวดวงอุตสาหกรรม ",[2245],{"type":267,"attrs":2246},{"color":14},{"type":1751,"content":2248},[2249,2265,2281],{"type":1754,"content":2250},[2251],{"type":253,"attrs":2252,"content":2253},{"textAlign":1407},[2254,2260],{"text":2255,"type":264,"marks":2256},"Pipeline Integrity Gauge ",[2257,2259],{"type":267,"attrs":2258},{"color":14},{"type":782},{"text":2261,"type":264,"marks":2262},": หลายคนเชื่อว่าคำว่า \"PIG\" มาจากตัวย่อของคำว่า Pipeline Integrity Gauge และ คำว่า “Pigging” ใช้อธิบายถึงกระบวนการดำเนินงานโดยใช้เครื่องมือ PIG เพื่อทำความสะอาด ตรวจสอบ หรือรักษาสภาพภายในของระบบท่อส่งให้คงอยู่ในสภาพที่ปลอดภัยและมีประสิทธิภาพ ",[2263],{"type":267,"attrs":2264},{"color":14},{"type":1754,"content":2266},[2267],{"type":253,"attrs":2268,"content":2269},{"textAlign":1407},[2270,2276],{"text":2271,"type":264,"marks":2272},"Leather And Straw PIGs",[2273,2275],{"type":267,"attrs":2274},{"color":14},{"type":782},{"text":2277,"type":264,"marks":2278}," : หลายคนเชื่อว่าคำว่า “PIG” มีที่มาจากเครื่องมือรุ่นแรกที่ถูกประดิษฐ์ขึ้น โดยเครื่องมือเหล่านั้นทำจากหนังหรือฟางซึ่งมัดรวมกันและพันด้วยลวดหนาม เมื่อนำส่งผ่านภายในท่อ เครื่องมือจะส่งเสียงแหลมสูงและคล้ายเสียงร้องของหมู จึงเป็นที่มาของชื่อเรียก “PIG” นั่นเอง ",[2279],{"type":267,"attrs":2280},{"color":14},{"type":1754,"content":2282},[2283],{"type":253,"attrs":2284,"content":2285},{"textAlign":1407},[2286,2292],{"text":2287,"type":264,"marks":2288},"The First PIGs Were Cleaning 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อัจฉริยะที่มีเซ็นเซอร์ ",[2476],{"type":267,"attrs":2477},{"color":14},{"type":253,"attrs":2479,"content":2480},{"textAlign":1407},[2481,2487],{"text":2482,"type":264,"marks":2483},"Pinwheel และ Studded PIGs: ",[2484,2486],{"type":267,"attrs":2485},{"color":14},{"type":782},{"text":1399,"type":264,"marks":2488},[2489],{"type":267,"attrs":2490},{"color":14},{"type":1751,"content":2492},[2493],{"type":1754,"content":2494},[2495],{"type":253,"attrs":2496,"content":2497},{"textAlign":1407},[2498],{"text":2499,"type":264,"marks":2500},"ติดตั้งสตัดเสริมเพื่อทำลายตะกรันแข็งที่เกาะติดผนังท่อ ",[2501],{"type":267,"attrs":2502},{"color":14},{"type":253,"attrs":2504,"content":2505},{"textAlign":1407},[2506,2512],{"text":2507,"type":264,"marks":2508},"Plough Blade 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ขจัดน้ำและเศษตกค้างในปริมาณมาก ",[2664],{"type":267,"attrs":2665},{"color":14},{"type":1754,"content":2667},[2668],{"type":253,"attrs":2669,"content":2670},{"textAlign":1407},[2671,2677],{"text":2672,"type":264,"marks":2673},"Brush Foam PIGs",[2674,2676],{"type":267,"attrs":2675},{"color":14},{"type":782},{"text":2678,"type":264,"marks":2679},": ติดตั้งขนแปรงสำหรับขัดทำความสะอาด ",[2680],{"type":267,"attrs":2681},{"color":14},{"type":1754,"content":2683},[2684],{"type":253,"attrs":2685,"content":2686},{"textAlign":1407},[2687,2693],{"text":2688,"type":264,"marks":2689},"Coated \u002F Non-Coated",[2690,2692],{"type":267,"attrs":2691},{"color":14},{"type":782},{"text":2694,"type":264,"marks":2695},": แบบเคลือบโพลียูรีเทนช่วยเพิ่มความทนทาน ",[2696],{"type":267,"attrs":2697},{"color":14},{"type":1754,"content":2699},[2700],{"type":253,"attrs":2701,"content":2702},{"textAlign":1407},[2703,2709,2714,2720,2724,2728],{"text":2704,"type":264,"marks":2705},"Open And Closed Cell Foam PIGs 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รวมถึงการกำจัดสนิมและคราบตะกรันที่เกิดจากกระบวนการผลิต (Mill Scale) ได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ ",[2773],{"type":267,"attrs":2774},{"color":14},{"type":253,"attrs":2776,"content":2777},{"textAlign":1407},[2778,2784],{"text":2779,"type":264,"marks":2780},"Spherical PIGs: ",[2781,2783],{"type":267,"attrs":2782},{"color":14},{"type":782},{"text":1399,"type":264,"marks":2785},[2786],{"type":267,"attrs":2787},{"color":14},{"type":253,"attrs":2789,"content":2790},{"textAlign":1407},[2791,2796],{"text":1399,"type":264,"marks":2792},[2793,2795],{"type":267,"attrs":2794},{"color":14},{"type":782},{"text":2797,"type":264,"marks":2798},"มีให้เลือกในวัสดุและรูปแบบเดียวกันกับ PIG ชนิดโฟม เช่น แบบเคลือบลายไขว้ (Crisscross Coating), แบบซิลิคอนคาร์ไบด์ (Silicone-Carbide) และสามารถติดตั้งขนแปรงได้ทั้งชนิดลวดโลหะและพลาสติก PIG ทรงกลมได้รับความนิยมเนื่องจากสามารถเคลื่อนที่ผ่านช่วงโค้งแคบของท่อได้ดี และมักถูกใช้งานในระบบปล่อยเครื่องมือแบบอัตโนมัติ (Automated Launching 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ด้วยเทคนิคการตรวจสอบความสมบูรณของท่อโดยคลื่นความถี่สูง  ",[2885],{"type":267,"attrs":2886},{"color":14},{"type":1754,"content":2888},[2889],{"type":253,"attrs":2890,"content":2891},{"textAlign":1407},[2892,2898],{"text":2893,"type":264,"marks":2894},"Driving Disks ",[2895,2897],{"type":267,"attrs":2896},{"color":14},{"type":782},{"text":2899,"type":264,"marks":2900}," แผ่นขับเคลื่อน (Driving disks) เป็นแผ่นโพลียูรีเทนแบนที่สร้างการผนึกกับผ้าผนังภายในของท่อ ทำหน้าที่ขับเคลื่อน PIG ให้เคลื่อนที่ผ่านระบบท่อส่ง แผ่นขับเคลื่อนใช้สำหรับการทำความสะอาดท่อแบบสองทิศทาง เนื่องจากแผ่นสามารถรักษาการผนึกได้โดยไม่คำนึงถึงทิศทางการไหลของผลิตภัณฑ์ ",[2901],{"type":267,"attrs":2902},{"color":14},{"type":1754,"content":2904},[2905],{"type":253,"attrs":2906,"content":2907},{"textAlign":1407},[2908,2914],{"text":2909,"type":264,"marks":2910},"Caliper PIGS  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และเซนเซอร์แคลิเปอร์เชิงกล ",[2970],{"type":267,"attrs":2971},{"color":14},{"type":253,"attrs":2973,"content":2974},{"textAlign":1407},[2975],{"text":2976,"type":264,"marks":2977},"Spacing Disks:",[2978,2980],{"type":267,"attrs":2979},{"color":14},{"type":782},{"type":253,"attrs":2982,"content":2983},{"textAlign":1407},[2984],{"text":2985,"type":264,"marks":2986},"Spacing Disks หรือแผ่นรองระยะ คือแผ่นโพลียูรีเทนชนิดแบนที่มีขนาดเล็กกว่ากว่าเส้นผ่านศูนย์กลางภายในท่อเล็กน้อย ทำหน้าที่ช่วยจัดตำแหน่งให้เครื่องมือ PIG อยู่ในแนวศูนย์กลางของท่ออย่างเหมาะสมตลอดกระบวนการตรวจสอบหรือทำความสะอาดท่อ ",[2987],{"type":267,"attrs":2988},{"color":14},{"type":253,"attrs":2990,"content":2991},{"textAlign":1407},[2992],{"text":2993,"type":264,"marks":2994},"Batteries:",[2995,2997],{"type":267,"attrs":2996},{"color":14},{"type":782},{"type":253,"attrs":2999,"content":3000},{"textAlign":1758},[3001,3007],{"text":3002,"type":264,"marks":3003},"ชุดแบตเตอรี่ในตัว (On-board Battery 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